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72 pages 2 hours read

Popol Vuh

Nonfiction | Scripture | Adult | Published in 1554

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Section 6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

“The Descent of Hunahpu and Xbalanque into Xibalba” Summary

Before Hunahpu and Xbalanque leave for Xibalba, they advise Xmucane to plant a single maize stalk for each of them in the house. If the maize stalks dry up, this means that they have died in Xibalba. If the maize stalks thrive, then Xmucane would know that they are alive.

In Xibalba, Hunahpu and Xbalanque endure the same trials as their father, One Hunahpu. They pass through Pus River and Blood River without any trouble. When they arrive at the crossroad that forks out into the Black Road, the White Road, the Red Road, and the Blue/Green Road, the brothers concoct a plan to outwit the lords of Xibalba who surely have more traps waiting for them. Hunahpu pulls a hair from his knee and enchants it into a mosquito. He instructs it to bite everyone who lies beyond the Black Road so that they will learn the true identities of the Xibalbans. When the mosquito bites the effigies, they do not respond as they do not have blood in their bodies. The mosquito bites One Death, who cries out in pain. One of the lords calls out One Death’s name,out of concern. In this way, the brothers learn that one of the lords is named One Death. The mosquito moves on to bite each of the other lords of Xibalba until they too cry out in pain and their names are said aloud by those around them. Thus, Hunahpu and Xbalanque learn all the true names of the lords of Xibalba.

When Hunahpu and Xbalanque arrive to where the effigies are seated, they are instructed to greet them as lords of Xibalba. The brothers know the truth, however, and turn to face the true lords of Xibalba, greeting them each by their true names. After passing this test, the true lords of Xibalba invite Hunahpu and Xbalanque to sit on the bench that is really a hot stone. The brothers decline, knowing that the bench will scald them. Next, the lords of Xibalba invite them to stay in the House of Darkness where the brothers are given a torch and cigars just as One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu were given. Similarly, they are instructed to return the torch and cigars fully intact. Instead of lighting the torch, the brothers place a red tail feather of a macaw to pose as the flame. Rather than lighting the cigars, they attach fireflies to them so that the tips will glow.

The lords of Xibalba are astounded by Hunahpu and Xbalanque’s cleverness. They propose one more trial through the promised ball game. Hunahpu and Xbalanque want to use their rubber ball, but the lords of Xibalba insist on using their own, which is made of blades. When they begin to play, the White Dagger emerges from the rubber ball, readying to attack the boys. Hunahpu and Xbalanque cry out that they have come to Xibalba as they are asked and have passed every trial. They threaten to leave if all that the lords of Xibalba desire are their deaths. The lords of Xibalba plead with the brothers to stay to complete the game. The brothers finally relent and ask what kind of prize the Xibalbans would like, should they win the game. The lords ask for four bowls of flowers—one of red petals, one of white petals, one of yellow petals, and one of large flowers. When the brothers agree, they all proceed to play. The Xibalbans win the game and demand that their prize of flowers be delivered early the next morning.

Hunahpu and Xbalanque spend the night at the Blade House, enchanting the dangerous blades so that they will not slice them to death. They conjure ants to go into One Death and Seven Death’s garden to collect flowers for the prize as they have the foresight to know that the Xibalbans have installed guardians over their garden. The ants evade the guardians due to their size and successfully deliver the flowers to the brothers. The next day, the brothers gift the flowers to the Xibalbans who are disappointed that they have been outsmarted by the brothers once again. They proceed to play another game where the results are tied. Thus, they resolve to play one more game the day after to break the tie.

“Hunahpu and Xbalanque in the House of Cold” Summary

After the tied game, Hunahpu and Xbalanque spend the night in the House of Cold where they are intended to freeze to death. However, the brothers enchant the house so that the cold disappears and survive the night. Again, the lords of Xibalba are astounded by the brothers’ cleverness.

“Hunahpu and Xbalanque in the House of Jaguars” Summary

The next place that Hunahpu and Xbalanque stay is the House of Jaguars. There, jaguars await to eat them. The brothers offer the jaguars bones instead, which they accept. When the watchmen hear crunching bones, they think that the brothers are being devoured. However, they soon find out that the brothers have survived once again. 

“Hunahpu and Xbalanque in the House of Fires” Summary

Next, Hunahpu and Xbalanque visit the House of Fire, where they are to be burned to death. They enchant the flames and pass through the fire unscathed. 

“Hunahpu and Xbalanque in the House of Bats” Summary

Finally, Hunahpu and Xbalanque arrive at the House of Bats, where deadly bats made of blades threaten to cut them. For safety, the brothers hide inside their blowguns, with plans to wait until dawn, when it will be safe to come out. At night, the House of Bats grows quiet, and the brothers are unsure of the time of day. Hunahpu sticks his head out of his blowgun to check to see if it is dawn. When he sticks his head out, one of the bats slices his head off. After not hearing from his brother for a while, Xbalanque realizes that Hunahpu has been decapitated. One Death and Seven Death take Hunahpu’s head and hang it above the ballcourt.

Xbalanque thinks of a solution. He calls upon all the animals to bring to him the food that belongs to each of them. They each bring a variety of fruit, but it is the coati’s chilacayote squash that Xbalanque uses to enchant the head of Hunahpu. Hearing of the brothers’ struggles, Heart of Sky appears in the House of Bats to help create a likeness of Hunahpu’s head. The replacement head will rest on Hunahpu’s body until they are able to retrieve the real one. As the dawn grows near, Hunahpu’s head is only partially complete. Heart of Sky blackens the sky with soot so that it is dark for a little bit longer. With more time, Hunahpu’s head is finally ready and reattached to Hunahpu’s body.

Now that Hunahpu is restored, the brothers plot to best the lords of Xibalba in their game. Xbalanque tells a rabbit to hide in the tomato patch by the ballcourt. He gives the rabbit instructions to distract the Xibalbans at the ballcourt so that he can put Hunahpu’s true head onto his brother’s body.

“The Head of Hunahpu Is Restored” Summary

When Hunahpu and Xbalanque join the Xibalbans for another game the next day, Xbalanque bounces the ball into the tomato patch where the rabbit is waiting. The rabbit hops along the ballcourt, distracting the Xibalbans, who attempt to chase away the animal that is interrupting the game. While the Xibalbans are distracted, Xbalanque swaps Hunahpu’s real head hanging above the ballcourt with the fake chilacayote squash head that Heart of Sky fashioned the night before. Xbalanque places Hunahpu’s real head back on his brother’s body. When the lords of Xibalba return, Xbalanque retrieves the ball, which has been hiding in the tomato patch before the Xibalbans are distracted by the rabbit. They continue the game and tie again until Xbalanque smashes the chilacayote squash posing as Hunahpu’s head above the ballcourt. This demonstrates to the lords of Xibalba that they have been outsmarted once again.

“The Death of Hunahpu and Xbalanque” Summary

Despite having passed many trials in Xibalba, Hunahpu and Xbalanque know that they will not be able to leave the underworld alive. The lords of Xibalba are determined to ensure their deaths. As the brothers know their deaths are inevitable, they appeal to the seers, the Ascended and Descended, with a plan for their deaths. The brothers predict that they will die by having their bodies crushed against a hot stone. They anticipate that the lords of Xibalba will then ask the Ascended and Descended about what they should do with their bodies. Hunahpu and Xbalanque instruct the seers to advise the Xibalbans to scatter their ashes along a river when they die. The seers agree.

The next day, the lords of Xibalba plot Hunahpu and Xbalanque’s death as expected. They propose playing a game where they will jump over a vat of sweet drink. The sweet drink is in fact a pit oven. The Xibalbans plan for the brothers to fall into the pit during the game and die. The brothers exclaim that they know the intentions behind the game and jump into the pit of their own free will. When the brothers take their own lives, the Xibalbans rejoice. Just as the seers promised, the Ascended and Descended advise the lords of Xibalba to scatter the brothers’ ashes along the river. The Xibalbans do as they are advised.

Section 6 Analysis

In these sections, Hunahpu and Xbalanque relive the trials of One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu, outsmarting the Xibalban lords on many occasions. Whereas One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu fail to distinguish the effigies from the real Xibalban lords, Hunahpu and Xbalanque determine a way to learn their true identities before their first introductions. When One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu unwittingly sit upon a hot bench, Hunahpu and Xbalanque smartly refuse. Yet, just as One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu predict their deaths in Xibalba, so do Hunahpu and Xbalanque, for they realize that the trials will not end until they both die. Thus, they plot to sacrifice themselves in such a way that ensures their resurrection. Momentarily, they will allow the Xibalban lords to believe that they have won.

As these sections also narrate trials that parallel One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu’s obstacles in Xibalba, the consequences are also similar for Hunahpu and Xbalanque. Just as One Hunahpu is decapitated, so is Hunahpu. While One Hunahpu’s head hangs above a tree, Hunahpu’s head hangs above the Crushing Ballcourt. However, as Xbalanque survives his brother first, he is able to recover Hunahpu’s head with the help of Heart of Sky. The creator god’s appearance at this moment of the narrative shows his investment in the longevity of this family line. While Heart of Sky has watched over One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu, he intervenes in this instance to ensure that Hunahpu and Xbalanque’s fates progress differently. 

Heart of Sky’s intervention also justifies the obedience of animals in Xibalba, who gladly do Hunahpu and Xbalanque’s bidding. Since animals are created by Heart of Sky and other deities, they follow the commands of the deities’ favored people. The ants carry flowers for Hunahpu and Xbalanque to gift the Xibalban lords as a prize for besting them in a ball game. Hunahpu and Xbalanque enlist the help of animals to locate a fruit that most resembles a head. Xbalanque also instructs a rabbit to act as distraction so that he can attach Hunahpu’s head onto his body without being caught.

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